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The emergence of “Confucianism who practices Taoism” and the transformation of Confucianism in the Qing Dynasty – using Fan Zhongyan from worshipping Confucius as the middle part
Author: Sun Guangyao (Department of History of Huadong Master Fan Dao Xueshi)
Source: “History of Political Thought” 2020 Issue 3
Abstract: Kong Jie adhered to the principle of “respecting virtue and earning merits” from the worshipping autonomy, and intended to express the “Taoism” of Confucius’s students and later Confucians who continued to study Confucianism. Before the Qing Dynasty, those who worship Confucius were mostly Confucians who “tell the Tao” and “understand the Tao”, and were famous for their moral articles. Fan Zhongyan, a Confucian of Song Dynasty, was the first person to worship Confucius in the Qing Dynasty, and was also a pioneer in worshipping Confucius in the “Confucianism who practices the Tao” who made great achievements. Fan Zhongyan’s worship was the style of “Confucianism who practiced the Tao” since the opening of the worship, but in terms of the process, it was not smooth, and it finally ended up winning again and again for the fifth time. This is closely related to the complex political situation in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and is also the result of historical coordination.
Keywords: Fan Zhongyan; Kong Yi; From the system of worshiping the throne; “Confucianism who practices the Tao”;
Fan Zhongyan (989-1052), a politician, thinking scholar and literary scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, was known as Fan Wenzhenggong, and has published the “Fan Wenzhenggong’s Letter Collection” in the world. In the 54th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1715), Emperor Kangxi approved the request of the Jiangnan Admiral Yu Zhengjian, and appointed Fan Zhongyan, the Confucian Confucian of Song Dynasty, to worship Confucius, and to rank behind the Confucian Confucian and Han Yu in the East. This incident was unusual, and it created a predecessor to the Qing Dynasty that a large number of Confucius worshipped Confucians. At the same time, Confucius continued from the sacrificial system for thousands of years. Most of them were Confucians who “tell the Tao” and “understand the Tao”. Fan Zhongyan’s sacrificial system also opened up the sacrificial style of “confucians who practice the Tao” from the sacrificial system for a long time, marking the transformation of Confucius in the Qing Dynasty from the sacrificial system for a long time, and a paradigm emerged. However, this change is not a risk. Fan Zhongyan’s reputation in politics and literature obscured his Confucianism contribution, so he was not allowed to worship him for more than 600 years after his death. His worship was not a single victory, but five proposals were made in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The historical landscape related to the twists and turns is particularly worthy of attention. [1]
1. One twists and turns: Fan Zhongyan passed by the worship of Confucius
“Confucius has made many achievements, and it is appropriate to worship for thousands of generations; Confucius has made great contributions, and Confucius should be worshiped by Confucius.” [2] Confucius’s worship system was a major political and educational system that was born in the Confucius gate and later Confucian scholars attached to Confucius, which demonstrated the country’s “respecting virtue and earning merits”, loving Confucius and Confucianism. Kong Yu reflected the continuation of Confucianism and the rise and fall of Confucianism’s component from the system of worship, but in terms of the standard of worship, it did notThere is a unified rule.
The first time Fan Zhongyan’s consecration to Confucius was in the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1371). When the new dynasty was first established, the Ming Taizu discussed the sacrifice of Confucius according to the traditional order. The Hanlin-Lin Zheng Wang believed that the four Confucian Confucians of Song, Fan Zhongyan, Euroyang Xiu, Zhen Dexiu and Wei Leweng, should worship Confucius. Fan Zhongyan was the most important, because: “The way of a sage, some of the achievements of his work, some of the articles he wrote, were actually different. No talent was more than the Dongdu of the Song Dynasty. Among them, Fan Zhongyan was defeated by the people who took the way of a sage as his responsibility.” In Wang Qi’s view, “Fan Zhongyan’s contribution” “can be said to have made contributions to the way of a sage.” [3] However, the Ming Taizu respected the academic knowledge alone and did not value the “cultivation of achievements” as Wang Zhi. At the same time, he did not adopt this proposal because of the tradition of Confucius who only worshipped Confucianism who “teached the Tao” and “clear the Tao”.
In the 46th year of Wansheng (1618), Shanxi Deputy Envoy Wu Puyi asked Fan Zhongyan to worship him. He said that Zhongyan did not follow the intentions of the ministers, and was not recommended by Taiwanese for his political administration. He explained his mother’s advice, and Renzong said his son. He asked to build Biancheng to prepare for the urgent matters and set up Yitian to grant the noble family. He donated the land in Nanyuan as a learning house, and asked the county of the country to establish a school to worship Confucius. His learning practices were pure and he recommended it as the number one figure in the Song Dynasty.” Therefore, Fan Zhongyan “has no doubt about the sacrifice.” [4] However, the content of this memorial is similar to what Wang Zhi said last time. It emphasizes Fan Zhongyan’s economic achievements and does not highlight his Confucianism. Therefore, the second Fan Zhongyan’s conscience agreement ended in no way.
The times changed, the protagonists: Song Wei, Chen Jubai┃Supporting role: Xue Hua┃Others: The three times Fan Zhongyan’s request to worship Confucius was already in the Qing Dynasty. Generally speaking, “in a period of political power and political situations of a few ethnic groups, the love for Confucius was at a high point, and was accompanied by the upgrade of the memorial service to Confucius” [5]. As soon as the Qing court entered the process of internship, in order to strengthen people’s hearts and consolidate the rule, in addition to compiling the “History of Ming Dynasty”, it also focused on the Confucius sacrificial rituals. In the second year of Shuozhi (1645), Li Ruolin, who was the governor of the country, asked to update Confucius’s letter, and the minister of the court also submitted a “Commentary on the Chen Kongwu Affairs” to respond. The matter of Confucius’s slander was asked by Li Ruolin, and at the same time he also proposed to ask the Song minister Fan Zhongyan to worship Confucius, saying:
After Jiajing, he was promoted to the European and Yang cultivation and surrendered to Fan Zhongyan. The ancestor Wang Shifeng thought it was a regret. He said that Zhong Yan’s strength was strong and powerful, and he was the first to support the magic weapon, and also used the “Doing of the Mean” to introduce Zhang Xu, so that he could become a scholar and be more polite than the one who was the son of the Euro. A man who is born as a famous minister, and then he will be silent after his principles and the way is revealed, and he will not be able to distinguish the last light of Qinluo. What’s worse than being dissatisfied with the truth? As for the Yuantuo Science, there is nothing to be known, so it is advisable to come from the temple. [6]
However, after the reign of the Ministry of Works, Emperor Shunzhi congratulated the Ministry of Merit and Ministry of Works: on the one hand, he believed that Confucius said that “trustworthy, love and respect”, so he added it to “year”The sage of the most saint, Confucius, was the pioneer of the sacred prosecutor of Confucius. On the other hand, the other worshipers “will be worshipped by the pedestals, and the old rules of the dynasty are not needed to be changed.” Therefore, the proposal of Fan Zhongyan to be sacrificed this time was unsuccessful. [7]
The fourth proposal of Fan Zhongyan to be sacrificedBaoqing Please be in the 36th year of the Kangxi reign (1697). The censor Zhang Yuan made a memorial and asked Fan Zhongyan to worship Confucius. It is recommended that Confucius come from the common French choice of worshippers: a certain official proposed a proposal—a department headed by the Ministry of Giving Ministry—the emperor’s instructions. However, please refer to this proposal for this proposal. After reviewing the remarks by the Shang Shufu Lun and others, they decided to rule the emperor before the reign of the emperor. They still used the reason that “the ceremony of worship has been related to the great rituals, and there has been no mediocre agreement” [8] to directly reject Fan Zhongyan from the Confucius sacrificial ceremony. Therefore, Fan Zhongyan’s consent for worship can be stopped by the middle way.
Fan Zhongyan is well-known, but the agreement about the rituals is An suffered suspicion and obstacles in the early Qing Dynasty. After carefully studying the above two failures, there are three important reasons for the comprehensiveness of the tw
